![]() ![]() See also Table S2 for descriptive statistics and demographic data for these four sodium groups.įig. 2 Middle-age serum sodium and risk to develop age-related chronic diseases. People whose middle-age serum sodium exceeds 144 mmol/l or is lower than 137 mmol/l have increased risk of dying at earlier age. f) Time-to-event analysis: COX proportional hazard model. See Table S2 for N at risk at each time point. All Pairwise Multiple Comparison Procedures): ∗P = 0.04, ∗∗P = 0.001 (Holm-Sidak method). e) Kaplan–Meier Survival Analysis: P < 0.001 (Log–Rank test). e, f) Assessment of relative risk for all-cause mortality in four sodium groups. d) Average age does not differ between sodium groups. Mortality rate by the end of 25 years follow-up and number of people in each group are shown above histogram. Groups identified by CART algorithm are shown in different colors. c) Histograms showing distributions of the study participants according to serum sodium. b) Overview of CART algorithm outcome for the group splitting. b, c, d) Splitting study participants into four groups using classification and regression trees (CART) algorithm based on average serum sodium measured at visits 1 and 2 and cumulative mortality by the end of 25 years follow-up. a) Overview of ARIC study and exclusion criteria. Added value of this studyįig. 1 Middle-age serum sodium and risk of all-cause mortality in Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. Increased risk of mortality after 3–6 years of follow-up was demonstrated among people with serum sodium in the upper end of normal range. Several observational epidemiological studies identified associations of the hydration markers with future development of heart failure, metabolic disease and mortality. We did not find studies relating markers of subclinical hypohydration at middle age with the speed of biological aging. We also were looking for studies estimating biological age in relation to the markers of habitual low hydration such as serum sodium. We searched PubMed, and Web of Science, without any language restriction using combinations of the terms “serum sodium,” “hydration,” “aging,” “biological aging,” “chronic diseases,” “mortality.” We focused on finding studies assessing associations between the hydration status of healthy people at middle age or younger with a long-term aging-related outcomes such as future development of chronic diseases or premature mortality. In this study, we aimed to evaluate pro-aging effects of mild subclinical hypohydration that activates water conservation mechanisms leading to the excretion of lower volume of more concentrated urine but does not elevate plasma sodium and osmolality beyond normal ranges. The Lancet Regional Health – Western Pacific.The Lancet Regional Health – Southeast Asia.The Lancet Gastroenterology & Hepatology. ![]()
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